During the darkest periods of the Cold War in the 1960s, one of the greatest fears in Europe and the United States was the possibility of a Russian attack involving thousands of tanks, helicopters, and hundreds of thousands of soldiers advancing from the plains of Germany into the heart of Europe. It was believed that in the event of such an attack, democratic West Germany would be the first to suffer, with all its airfields and runways destroyed by bombers and ballistic missiles just before the attack, leaving no chance for air defense.

For this reason, Germany began working on a solution to enable its air force to operate without the need for runways. While developing the EWR 101 for air combat, Germany also created the Dornier Do 31, which was as fast as a jet but could take off and land like a helicopter, to carry various cargo.

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